The 10-year OAT yield reaches 5% for the first time since July 2002
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On 21 October, France’s borrowing cost reached a level not seen in 23 years: what happened and what it changes for public finances.

In this article
The essentials
On 21 October, the 10-year OAT yield briefly reached 5%, a level not seen since July 2002. It is a sign of investors’ worry about France’s ability to cut its deficit.
What happened
During the session, the rate passed 5% then fell back to about 4.99%; late in the afternoon it was trading around 4.97%. The 10-year Bund is at 3.40%, a gap of more than 156 basis points with France. The 30-year OAT is at 5.53%.
A very rapid rise
At the end of February, the yield was 3.2%; it passed 4% at the end of July, and the third quarter saw the biggest rise in French government borrowing rates in nearly 40 years, according to a Vousfinancer manager.
The effect on public finances
The new rate applies only to future issues: the Treasury still pays only about 2% on debt already issued. But each tenth of a point of increase on new tranches means hundreds of millions of euros of extra annual cost. The State must keep issuing to finance its deficits.
To keep in mind
Some articles date the event to the 22nd, but the threshold was reached on the 21st. Figures move during the session. This article is based on Reuters dispatches and other agencies.
Learn the grammar
French grammar
Learn sentence patterns and usage from the article’s own sentences.
01The present indicative
est / sont + attribute (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase)
C’est un signe de l’inquiétude des investisseurs sur la capacité de la France à réduire son déficit.Key pointsÊtre in the present is est for a singular subject and sont for a plural one. It describes nature, state or place (“is”, “is located”). If what follows (the attribute) is a noun, adjective or prepositional phrase, it is not a passive. If a past participle follows, it is a passive (est annoncé). Headlines and summaries often use the present to describe the current situation.
02The passé composé
present of avoir + past participle
Le 21 octobre, le coût de l’endettement de la France a atteint un niveau inédit depuis 23 ans : ce qui s’est passé et ce que cela change pour les finances publiques.Key pointsThe passé composé is the most common past tense, used for “did” and “has done” — actions completed in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary avoir (a / ont…) in the present + a past participle. Past participles of -er verbs end in -é (annoncer → annoncé); learn the irregular ones (faire → fait, prendre → pris, voir → vu). In the negative, ne … pas wraps the auxiliary (n’a pas annoncé). In the news it reports facts that have already happened, such as “announced” or “voted”.
03The passé composé of pronominal verbs
se + present of être + past participle
Le 21 octobre, le coût de l’endettement de la France a atteint un niveau inédit depuis 23 ans : ce qui s’est passé et ce que cela change pour les finances publiques.Key pointsThe passé composé of a pronominal verb (se + verb) always uses être as auxiliary (il s’est diffusé / elles se sont réunies). Se changes with the subject: me, te, se, nous, vous. The past participle usually agrees with the subject in gender and number.
04The imparfait
stem (nous form of the present) + -ais / -ait / -ions / -iez / -aient
Fin février, le rendement était à 3,2 % ; il a dépassé 4 % fin juillet, et le troisième trimestre a connu la plus forte hausse des taux d’emprunt d’État français en près de 40 ans, selon une responsable de Vousfinancer.Key pointsThe imparfait describes states, background, habits and actions in progress in the past (il était, elle avait, ils pensaient). Take the nous form of the present, drop -ons, and add -ais / -ais / -ait / -ions / -iez / -aient. If the passé composé gives “the event itself”, the imparfait paints “the situation at the time”.
05The passive voice in the present
être (est / sont) + past participle (+ par / de)
En séance, le taux a dépassé 5 % puis est retombé vers 4,99 % ; en fin d’après-midi il s’échangeait autour de 4,97 %.Key pointsThe passive means “is done” or “is being done”. It is formed with être + past participle, which agrees with the subject in gender and number (la mesure est adoptée / les mesures sont adoptées). The agent is introduced by par (or de). In the news it is common when the event, rather than the actor, is the focus (est prévu / est annoncé / est connu).
06The passive in the passé composé
a / ont été + past participle
Certains articles datent l’événement du 22, mais le seuil a été atteint le 21.Key pointsThe past passive means “was done”. Its form is present of avoir + été (past participle of être) + past participle. Été does not change, but the last participle agrees with the subject in gender and number (la loi a été votée / les textes ont été votés). It is frequent in news reporting results such as votes, decisions and announcements.
07Pronominal verbs
se / s’ + verb
Le nouveau taux ne s’applique qu’aux futures émissions : le Trésor ne paie encore qu’environ 2 % sur la dette déjà émise.Key pointsA pronominal verb is used with a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous) before the verb. It can mean “do to oneself”, “be done” or “do to each other”. In the news, se traduire (to result in), se tenir (to take place), s’agir de (to be a matter of) and se diffuser (to spread) are frequent. The pronoun changes with the subject (il se tient / ils se tiennent / je me souviens).
08Citing a source with selon
selon + noun / organisation
Fin février, le rendement était à 3,2 % ; il a dépassé 4 % fin juillet, et le troisième trimestre a connu la plus forte hausse des taux d’emprunt d’État français en près de 40 ans, selon une responsable de Vousfinancer.Key pointsSelon means “according to”. Put a person or organisation after it as the source. It separates facts the writer checked directly from what another body or report said. Citing a source does not turn a forecast into an accomplished fact.
09Purpose with pour
pour + infinitive
L’État doit continuer d’émettre pour financer ses déficits.Key pointsThis is the purpose, “in order to…”. Put the base form of a verb after pour. The purpose stated here is separate from whether the effect was actually achieved.
10The subject relative pronoun qui
noun + qui + verb
Le 21 octobre, le coût de l’endettement de la France a atteint un niveau inédit depuis 23 ans : ce qui s’est passé et ce que cela change pour les finances publiques.Key pointsQui continues a description of the person or thing just mentioned (“the one that does…”). Because qui is itself the subject of the next verb, do not repeat the subject. The verb agrees with the noun qui refers to.
11Dates and their prepositions
le + 日付 / du … au …
Le 21 octobre, le rendement de l’OAT à 10 ans a brièvement atteint 5 %, un niveau inédit depuis juillet 2002.Key pointsLe 15 octobre means “on 15 October”. Distinguish the le before a date from the le that marks a weekly habit like a weekday. Du is de + le and au is à + le, so decide the meaning from the verb and period expressions around them. Their role depends on the group: a range of dates, the date of a bulletin or another complement.
12Million and milliard followed by de
number + million(s) / milliard(s) + de + noun
Mais chaque dixième de point de hausse sur les nouvelles tranches représente des centaines de millions d’euros de charges annuelles supplémentaires.Key pointsMillion and milliard are nouns, so use de before what is counted. Before a vowel it becomes d’. Mille works differently: look at the quantity as a whole instead of applying the same form.
Japanese grammar
Understand the structure and usage from the text.
01Cause or purpose with ため
〜ため / 〜ために
国は、毎年の赤字をまかなうため、新しく国債を出し続ける必要があります。Key pointsため is used for both reason and purpose. “成立ではないため” is a reason and “運転手を守るため” a purpose. Decide from the whole sentence whether what precedes is a cause or a goal.
02Giving examples with など
noun / expression + など
「スプレッド」は、ドイツなど、ほかの国との利回りの差です。Key points“暴言など” gives “abusive language” as one example. It is not necessarily a closed list of only the things named. It also helps when reading the scope of a news story.
03The polite past ました
verb stem (連用形) + ました
21日、フランスの国の借金の「値段」が、23年ぶりの水準になりました。Key pointsIn “発表しました”, ました makes a verb polite past. The negative is “ませんでした”. Read the actual date together with the date and time in the text.
04Quoting with と: content and report
plain-form sentence + と + verbe de parole (報じる, 説明する…)
投資家が、フランスが財政赤字を減らせるのかを、心配していることの表れとされています。Key pointsと takes the content that is reported or explained. In “改定する方針だと報じました”, “改定する方針だ” is what the report said. Separating the content from who said it and how makes long sentences easier to read.
05Treating a clause like a noun with こと
plain-form sentence + こと + particle
たった数か月で、国の借金のコストが、大きく変わったことになります。Key points“〜すること” treats an action or content like a noun. The particle after it (が・を・は…) shows its role in the sentence. “ことができる” is a fixed combination meaning “can”.
06Linking actions with the て-form
verb て-form + next expression
2002年7月以来、初めてです。Key pointsThe て-form links actions in a series, in order or as a reason. In “確認して、出発する” the relation is judged from the content. In “〜ている” it can show an action in progress or a continuing state.