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“Dubai Papers”: trial of a vast international tax fraud opens in Paris

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AT A GLANCE
  • On 2 November a trial opened in Paris over an international tax-fraud network, running until 3 December.
  • The prosecution says more than €200 million belonging to 322 taxpayers was hidden through 658 offshore companies.
  • Thirteen people and three companies are being prosecuted; guilt will be established only at the end of the trial.
Archive photo of the Palais de Justice in Paris. Not the courtroom of this trial.
Carlos Delgado · CC BY-SA 3.0Archive photo of the Palais de Justice in Paris. Not the courtroom of this trial.
In this article

What is opening

According to France 24 (2 November), the Paris criminal court (tribunal correctionnel) has been trying the “Dubai Papers” case since Monday 2 November, until 3 December. Thirteen people and three companies are being prosecuted. The Parquet national financier (PNF) sees in it a “large-scale tax-fraud and money-laundering outfit”. The charges are complicity in tax fraud, money laundering by an organised gang and criminal conspiracy.

The mechanism described by the prosecution

According to the prosecution, the Swiss company Jawer moved to the United Arab Emirates in 2007 and operated from a free zone in Ras al-Khaimah under the name Helin. It allegedly managed more than €200 million of assets belonging to 322 French taxpayers, hidden in 658 offshore companies held in banks around the world, and helped companies recover funds by means of fictitious or inflated invoices. The prosecutors estimate that more than 100 wealthy taxpayers thereby avoided at least €54 million in taxes between 2007 and 2018.

The defendants and the background

Among the defendants is Henri de Croÿ, a 68-year-old Belgian prince, presented as the head of the structure; his lawyer says he does not contest the facts but that the hearing will focus on what he knew and on his responsibility. The affair was revealed by L’Obs in September 2018 and rests on documents handed anonymously to the PNF on a USB stick in January 2019. Some minor defendants pleaded guilty before the trial (up to three years suspended and a €240,000 fine). Related proceedings are under way in Belgium and Switzerland.

Reading with caution

The above reflects the prosecution’s allegations and the information reported by the press. The guilt of the defendants who contest the charges is established only at the end of the trial. The detailed arguments of the defendants pleading not guilty and the date of the judgment could not be verified here.

LANGUAGE NOTES

Learn the grammar

Explained in English

French grammar

Learn sentence patterns and usage from the article’s own sentences.

01The present indicative
Structure

est / sont + attribute (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase)

In the article
Les chefs retenus sont la complicité de fraude fiscale, le blanchiment en bande organisée et l’association de malfaiteurs.
Key points

Être in the present is est for a singular subject and sont for a plural one. It describes nature, state or place (“is”, “is located”). If what follows (the attribute) is a noun, adjective or prepositional phrase, it is not a passive. If a past participle follows, it is a passive (est annoncé). Headlines and summaries often use the present to describe the current situation.

02The passé composé
Structure

present of avoir + past participle

In the article
Certains prévenus mineurs ont plaidé coupable avant le procès (jusqu’à trois ans avec sursis et 240 000 € d’amende).
Key points

The passé composé is the most common past tense, used for “did” and “has done” — actions completed in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary avoir (a / ont…) in the present + a past participle. Past participles of -er verbs end in -é (annoncer → annoncé); learn the irregular ones (faire → fait, prendre → pris, voir → vu). In the negative, ne … pas wraps the auxiliary (n’a pas annoncé). In the news it reports facts that have already happened, such as “announced” or “voted”.

03The passé composé of pronominal verbs
Structure

se + present of être + past participle

In the article
Le procès d’un réseau accusé d’avoir aidé de riches contribuables à dissimuler des fonds s’est ouvert le 2 novembre à Paris.
Key points

The passé composé of a pronominal verb (se + verb) always uses être as auxiliary (il s’est diffusé / elles se sont réunies). Se changes with the subject: me, te, se, nous, vous. The past participle usually agrees with the subject in gender and number.

04The imparfait
Structure

stem (nous form of the present) + -ais / -ait / -ions / -iez / -aient

In the article
Parmi les prévenus figure Henri de Croÿ, prince belge de 68 ans, présenté comme le chef de la structure ; son avocat dit qu’il ne conteste pas les faits mais que l’audience portera sur ce qu’il savait et sur sa responsabilité.
Key points

The imparfait describes states, background, habits and actions in progress in the past (il était, elle avait, ils pensaient). Take the nous form of the present, drop -ons, and add -ais / -ais / -ait / -ions / -iez / -aient. If the passé composé gives “the event itself”, the imparfait paints “the situation at the time”.

05The futur simple
Structure

stem (infinitive) + -ai / -as / -a / -ons / -ez / -ont

In the article
Parmi les prévenus figure Henri de Croÿ, prince belge de 68 ans, présenté comme le chef de la structure ; son avocat dit qu’il ne conteste pas les faits mais que l’audience portera sur ce qu’il savait et sur sa responsabilité.
Key points

The futur simple means “will do” or “is planned to”. Add -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont to the infinitive (participer → il participera). Watch the irregular stems: être → ser-, avoir → aur-, aller → ir-, faire → fer-, pouvoir → pourr-, voir → verr-. In the news it is used for fixed plans and outlooks.

06The present conditional
Structure

stem (infinitive) + -ais / -ait / -ions / -iez / -aient

In the article
Elle aurait géré plus de 200 millions d’euros d’avoirs de 322 contribuables français, cachés dans 658 sociétés offshore détenues dans des banques du monde entier, et aidé des entreprises à récupérer des fonds grâce à des factures fictives ou gonflées.
Key points

The conditional expresses possibility, supposition, unconfirmed information and polite requests (“would”, “might”). It uses the same stem as the future and the same endings as the imparfait (-ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient): pouvoir → il pourrait. In the news it is used to avoid asserting, as in “is reported to…” or “there is a possibility…”.

07The passive voice in the present
Structure

être (est / sont) + past participle (+ par / de)

In the article
Treize personnes et trois sociétés sont poursuivies.
Key points

The passive means “is done” or “is being done”. It is formed with être + past participle, which agrees with the subject in gender and number (la mesure est adoptée / les mesures sont adoptées). The agent is introduced by par (or de). In the news it is common when the event, rather than the actor, is the focus (est prévu / est annoncé / est connu).

08The passive in the passé composé
Structure

a / ont été + past participle

In the article
L’affaire avait été révélée par L’Obs en septembre 2018 et s’appuie sur des documents remis anonymement au PNF sur une clé USB en janvier 2019.
Key points

The past passive means “was done”. Its form is present of avoir + été (past participle of être) + past participle. Été does not change, but the last participle agrees with the subject in gender and number (la loi a été votée / les textes ont été votés). It is frequent in news reporting results such as votes, decisions and announcements.

09Negation and its scope
Structure

ne / n’ … pas · ne … plus

In the article
Parmi les prévenus figure Henri de Croÿ, prince belge de 68 ans, présenté comme le chef de la structure ; son avocat dit qu’il ne conteste pas les faits mais que l’audience portera sur ce qu’il savait et sur sa responsabilité.
Key points

Normally ne and pas wrap the verb. Before a vowel, ne becomes n’. Check which part of the sentence the negation covers. Ne … plus means “no longer”.

10Citing a source with selon
Structure

selon + noun / organisation

In the article
Selon France 24 (2 novembre), le tribunal correctionnel de Paris juge depuis le lundi 2 novembre l’affaire dite des « Dubaï Papers », jusqu’au 3 décembre.
Key points

Selon means “according to”. Put a person or organisation after it as the source. It separates facts the writer checked directly from what another body or report said. Citing a source does not turn a forecast into an accomplished fact.

11The subject relative pronoun qui
Structure

noun + qui + verb

In the article
Ce qui précède reflète les accusations du parquet et les informations rapportées par la presse.
Key points

Qui continues a description of the person or thing just mentioned (“the one that does…”). Because qui is itself the subject of the next verb, do not repeat the subject. The verb agrees with the noun qui refers to.

12Dates and their prepositions
Structure

le + 日付 / du … au …

In the article
Le procès d’un réseau accusé d’avoir aidé de riches contribuables à dissimuler des fonds s’est ouvert le 2 novembre à Paris.
Key points

Le 15 octobre means “on 15 October”. Distinguish the le before a date from the le that marks a weekly habit like a weekday. Du is de + le and au is à + le, so decide the meaning from the verb and period expressions around them. Their role depends on the group: a range of dates, the date of a bulletin or another complement.

13Million and milliard followed by de
Structure

number + million(s) / milliard(s) + de + noun

In the article
Elle aurait géré plus de 200 millions d’euros d’avoirs de 322 contribuables français, cachés dans 658 sociétés offshore détenues dans des banques du monde entier, et aidé des entreprises à récupérer des fonds grâce à des factures fictives ou gonflées.
Key points

Million and milliard are nouns, so use de before what is counted. Before a vowel it becomes d’. Mille works differently: look at the quantity as a whole instead of applying the same form.

Explained in English

Japanese grammar

Understand the structure and usage from the text.

01Citing a source: によると
Structure

noun + によると

In the article
France 24(11月2日付)によると、パリの軽罪裁判所(tribunal correctionnel)で、11月2日(月)に「ドバイ・ペーパーズ」と呼ばれる事件の裁判が始まりました。
Key points

As in “LCPによると”, it shows where the information comes from. What that source reported follows. It is used differently from “私にとって”, which gives one’s own opinion.

02Plan, outlook and policy
Structure

〜の予定 / 〜見込み / 〜方針

In the article
審理は12月3日までの予定です。
Key points

予定 is a plan, 見込み a forecast and 方針 a course of action or intention. None of them asserts that something has already been carried out. Note the difference from expressions such as “決まりました”.

03The polite past ました
Structure

verb stem (連用形) + ました

In the article
11月2日、パリの軽罪裁判所で国際的な脱税の仲介組織をめぐる裁判が始まりました。
Key points

In “発表しました”, ました makes a verb polite past. The negative is “ませんでした”. Read the actual date together with the date and time in the text.

04Quoting with と: content and report
Structure

plain-form sentence + と + verbe de parole (報じる, 説明する…)

In the article
322人のフランスの納税者の資産2億ユーロ超を、世界各地の銀行にある658のオフショア会社を使って管理したとされます。
Key points

と takes the content that is reported or explained. In “改定する方針だと報じました”, “改定する方針だ” is what the report said. Separating the content from who said it and how makes long sentences easier to read.

05Treating a clause like a noun with こと
Structure

plain-form sentence + こと + particle

In the article
事件は2018年9月に雑誌L’Obsが報じ、2019年1月に匿名でPNFにUSBメモリーが届いたことが捜査の材料になりました。
Key points

“〜すること” treats an action or content like a noun. The particle after it (が・を・は…) shows its role in the sentence. “ことができる” is a fixed combination meaning “can”.

06Possibility in Japanese: できる・られる
Structure

verb potential form / 〜ことができる

In the article
被告のうち争う人の主張や、判決の時期の見通しは、ここでは確認できませんでした。
Key points

できる is the basic verb for ability. The potential form of 受ける is 受けられる. The same られる can also be passive or honorific, so decide from the meaning of the sentence.

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