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Oil at its highest since May: Brent closes above $113, amid concerns over Iran

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AT A GLANCE

On the 22 October oil market, Brent rose 4% and closed above $113 a barrel, a high since May. The reasons given and the effect on fuel.

Photo of a crude oil tanker (generic photo)
Jordanroderick · CC0
In this article

The essentials

On 22 October, the Brent futures contract, the international benchmark, gained 4% and closed at $113.17 a barrel, a high since 4 May according to CNBC. Yahoo Finance says New York’s WTI rose to nearly $100.

Why the rise

According to the press, the rise is explained by fear that the United States will resume its strikes against Iran. It is reported that the United States and Israel have prepared plans for new strikes after next month’s midterm elections, and that President Trump hinted at action. These are analyses based on reports, not established facts.

Tensions in the Middle East

According to CNBC, the United States has ordered non-essential government employees and their families to leave Saudi Arabia, as Houthi attacks on the country increase. Attacks around the Strait of Hormuz have intensified over the past ten days or so; Iran says it is responding to the American blockade of its ports and the tightening of sanctions last month.

Effect on daily life

When oil rises, fuel prices follow with a lag. In France, diesel averages around €2.36/L. Another article today presents the government’s measures.

To keep in mind

The oil price moves hour by hour. The figures are those of the 22 October reports. The strike plans are reported information, not officially confirmed. The CNBC article was consulted through its summary in a search engine.

LANGUAGE NOTES

Learn the grammar

Explained in English

French grammar

Learn sentence patterns and usage from the article’s own sentences.

01The present indicative
Structure

est / sont + attribute (noun, adjective, prepositional phrase)

In the article
Ce sont des analyses fondées sur des reportages, non des faits établis.
Key points

Être in the present is est for a singular subject and sont for a plural one. It describes nature, state or place (“is”, “is located”). If what follows (the attribute) is a noun, adjective or prepositional phrase, it is not a passive. If a past participle follows, it is a passive (est annoncé). Headlines and summaries often use the present to describe the current situation.

02The passé composé
Structure

present of avoir + past participle

In the article
Sur le marché pétrolier du 22 octobre, le Brent a progressé de 4 % et clôturé au-dessus de 113 dollars le baril, un plus haut depuis mai.
Key points

The passé composé is the most common past tense, used for “did” and “has done” — actions completed in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary avoir (a / ont…) in the present + a past participle. Past participles of -er verbs end in -é (annoncer → annoncé); learn the irregular ones (faire → fait, prendre → pris, voir → vu). In the negative, ne … pas wraps the auxiliary (n’a pas annoncé). In the news it reports facts that have already happened, such as “announced” or “voted”.

03The passé composé of pronominal verbs
Structure

se + present of être + past participle

In the article
Les attaques autour du détroit d’Ormuz se sont intensifiées depuis une dizaine de jours ; l’Iran dit répondre au blocus américain de ses ports et au durcissement des sanctions le mois dernier.
Key points

The passé composé of a pronominal verb (se + verb) always uses être as auxiliary (il s’est diffusé / elles se sont réunies). Se changes with the subject: me, te, se, nous, vous. The past participle usually agrees with the subject in gender and number.

04The passive voice in the present
Structure

être (est / sont) + past participle (+ par / de)

In the article
Il est rapporté que les États-Unis et Israël ont préparé des plans de nouvelles frappes après les élections de mi-mandat du mois prochain, et que le président Trump a laissé entendre une action.
Key points

The passive means “is done” or “is being done”. It is formed with être + past participle, which agrees with the subject in gender and number (la mesure est adoptée / les mesures sont adoptées). The agent is introduced by par (or de). In the news it is common when the event, rather than the actor, is the focus (est prévu / est annoncé / est connu).

05The passive in the passé composé
Structure

a / ont été + past participle

In the article
L’article de CNBC a été consulté via son résumé dans un moteur de recherche.
Key points

The past passive means “was done”. Its form is present of avoir + été (past participle of être) + past participle. Été does not change, but the last participle agrees with the subject in gender and number (la loi a été votée / les textes ont été votés). It is frequent in news reporting results such as votes, decisions and announcements.

06Pronominal verbs
Structure

se / s’ + verb

In the article
Selon la presse, la hausse s’explique par la crainte que les États-Unis reprennent leurs frappes contre l’Iran.
Key points

A pronominal verb is used with a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous) before the verb. It can mean “do to oneself”, “be done” or “do to each other”. In the news, se traduire (to result in), se tenir (to take place), s’agir de (to be a matter of) and se diffuser (to spread) are frequent. The pronoun changes with the subject (il se tient / ils se tiennent / je me souviens).

07Citing a source with selon
Structure

selon + noun / organisation

In the article
Le 22 octobre, le contrat à terme sur le Brent, référence internationale, a gagné 4 % et clôturé à 113,17 dollars le baril, un plus haut depuis le 4 mai selon CNBC.
Key points

Selon means “according to”. Put a person or organisation after it as the source. It separates facts the writer checked directly from what another body or report said. Citing a source does not turn a forecast into an accomplished fact.

08The subject relative pronoun qui
Structure

noun + qui + verb

In the article
Le « Brent » est un pétrole de mer du Nord qui sert de référence mondiale.
Key points

Qui continues a description of the person or thing just mentioned (“the one that does…”). Because qui is itself the subject of the next verb, do not repeat the subject. The verb agrees with the noun qui refers to.

09Dates and their prepositions
Structure

le + 日付 / du … au …

In the article
Sur le marché pétrolier du 22 octobre, le Brent a progressé de 4 % et clôturé au-dessus de 113 dollars le baril, un plus haut depuis mai.
Key points

Le 15 octobre means “on 15 October”. Distinguish the le before a date from the le that marks a weekly habit like a weekday. Du is de + le and au is à + le, so decide the meaning from the verb and period expressions around them. Their role depends on the group: a range of dates, the date of a bulletin or another complement.

10Marking a starting point
Structure

dès / depuis / à partir de + point in time

In the article
Les attaques autour du détroit d’Ormuz se sont intensifiées depuis une dizaine de jours ; l’Iran dit répondre au blocus américain de ses ports et au durcissement des sanctions le mois dernier.
Key points

Dès means “as early as” or “as soon as”, and à partir de means “from … onwards”. Depuis basically shows a state or period continuing from a point in time. All deal with a start, but they are not used the same way.

11The uses of dans
Structure

dans + noun phrase

In the article
L’article de CNBC a été consulté via son résumé dans un moteur de recherche.
Key points

Dans means “in, inside” for places, but also for a scope such as a system or period. With future time, dans deux jours means “in two days”. In the article’s example, check what it is “inside” and which scope it marks. Identify the value of dans in the passage.

Explained in English

Japanese grammar

Understand the structure and usage from the text.

01Citing a source: によると
Structure

noun + によると

In the article
CNBCによると、5月4日以来の高値です。
Key points

As in “LCPによると”, it shows where the information comes from. What that source reported follows. It is used differently from “私にとって”, which gives one’s own opinion.

02Polite negation and plain form
Structure

〜ではありません / 〜ではない

In the article
これらは、報道にもとづく見方で、確定したことではありません。
Key points

They negate a noun and similar content. “ではありません” is the polite form and “ではない” the plain form. “成立ではありません” shows that it cannot be said to have been concluded.

03Cause or purpose with ため
Structure

〜ため / 〜ために

In the article
フーシ派によるサウジアラビアへの攻撃が増えているためです。
Key points

ため is used for both reason and purpose. “成立ではないため” is a reason and “運転手を守るため” a purpose. Decide from the whole sentence whether what precedes is a cause or a goal.

04Giving examples with など
Structure

noun / expression + など

In the article
原油が上がると、ガソリンや軽油などの燃料の価格に、時間をおいて、響きます。
Key points

“暴言など” gives “abusive language” as one example. It is not necessarily a closed list of only the things named. It also helps when reading the scope of a news story.

05The polite past ました
Structure

verb stem (連用形) + ました

In the article
22日の国際原油市場で、北海ブレント先物は4%上昇し、1バレル113ドル台で取引を終えました。
Key points

In “発表しました”, ました makes a verb polite past. The negative is “ませんでした”. Read the actual date together with the date and time in the text.

06Quoting with と: content and report
Structure

plain-form sentence + と + verbe de parole (報じる, 説明する…)

In the article
ヤフー・ファイナンスは、ニューヨークのWTI原油も、100ドル近くまで上がったと伝えています。
Key points

と takes the content that is reported or explained. In “改定する方針だと報じました”, “改定する方針だ” is what the report said. Separating the content from who said it and how makes long sentences easier to read.

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