Typhoon No. 30 passes closest to the Sakishima Islands: violent winds, high waves and storm surge to watch for

Dans le sud de Kyūshū, la pluie tombe dès le matin et s’étend vers le nord et l’est dans l’après-midi.

Être in the present is est for a singular subject and sont for a plural one. It describes nature, state or place (“is”, “is located”). If what follows (the attribute) is a noun, adjective or prepositional phrase, it is not a passive. If a past participle follows, it is a passive (est annoncé). Headlines and summaries often use the present to describe the current situation.

Les chiffres viennent des organismes ou médias cités ; JAPANITIES ne les a pas vérifiés.

The passé composé is the most common past tense, used for “did” and “has done” — actions completed in the past. It is formed with the auxiliary avoir (a / ont…) in the present + a past participle. Past participles of -er verbs end in -é (annoncer → annoncé); learn the irregular ones (faire → fait, prendre → pris, voir → vu). In the negative, ne … pas wraps the auxiliary (n’a pas annoncé). In the news it reports facts that have already happened, such as “announced” or “voted”.

Le typhon n° 30 (Champi), de grande taille et très puissant, devrait passer près d’Ishigaki et d’Iriomote entre la fin d’après-midi et tard dans la nuit du 23 octobre.

The conditional expresses possibility, supposition, unconfirmed information and polite requests (“would”, “might”). It uses the same stem as the future and the same endings as the imparfait (-ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient): pouvoir → il pourrait. In the news it is used to avoid asserting, as in “is reported to…” or “there is a possibility…”.

Des pluies d’un niveau d’alerte sont aussi annoncées autour de Honshū à partir du week-end.

The passive means “is done” or “is being done”. It is formed with être + past participle, which agrees with the subject in gender and number (la mesure est adoptée / les mesures sont adoptées). The agent is introduced by par (or de). In the news it is common when the event, rather than the actor, is the focus (est prévu / est annoncé / est connu).

Certaines sources ont été consultées via leur résumé dans un moteur de recherche.

The past passive means “was done”. Its form is present of avoir + été (past participle of être) + past participle. Été does not change, but the last participle agrees with the subject in gender and number (la loi a été votée / les textes ont été votés). It is frequent in news reporting results such as votes, decisions and announcements.

Les sources emploient des termes différents (« fort », « très fort ») : consultez la dernière annonce.

The imperative expresses commands, requests and advice. It has no subject: the sentence starts with the verb (Consultez les informations.). The vous form ends in -ez, nous in -ons (Restons prudents.), and tu in -e for -er verbs (Consulte). It is very common in notices and warnings (Vérifiez, Consultez, Restez informé).

Dans son bulletin du 23 octobre à 5 h 01, l’Agence météorologique japonaise (JMA) prévoit que le typhon s’approchera au plus près des îles Sakishima jusqu’au 24, avec une puissance forte.

A pronominal verb is used with a reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous) before the verb. It can mean “do to oneself”, “be done” or “do to each other”. In the news, se traduire (to result in), se tenir (to take place), s’agir de (to be a matter of) and se diffuser (to spread) are frequent. The pronoun changes with the subject (il se tient / ils se tiennent / je me souviens).

Il reste toutefois de grande taille et il ne faut pas baisser la garde.

Normally ne and pas wrap the verb. Before a vowel, ne becomes n’. Check which part of the sentence the negation covers. Ne … plus means “no longer”.

Selon tenki.jp, les rafales pourraient atteindre 60 mètres par seconde.

Selon means “according to”. Put a person or organisation after it as the source. It separates facts the writer checked directly from what another body or report said. Citing a source does not turn a forecast into an accomplished fact.

La NHK indique que, dans la région d’Yaeyama, des vents extrêmement violents pourraient même détruire certaines maisons.

Put a base-form verb after pouvoir. Peut means “can” or “may”; the conditional pourrait gives a more reserved possibility, “might”. It does not necessarily mean implementation is settled.

Dans son bulletin du 23 octobre à 5 h 01, l’Agence météorologique japonaise (JMA) prévoit que le typhon s’approchera au plus près des îles Sakishima jusqu’au 24, avec une puissance forte.

Prévoir means “to plan, to expect”. Être prévu means “to be scheduled” and être envisagé means “to be under consideration”. In the news, read them separately from expressions that describe events that have already happened. They do not say that the event has already taken place.

Le typhon n° 30 (Champi), de grande taille et très puissant, devrait passer près d’Ishigaki et d’Iriomote entre la fin d’après-midi et tard dans la nuit du 23 octobre.

Le 15 octobre means “on 15 October”. Distinguish the le before a date from the le that marks a weekly habit like a weekday. Du is de + le and au is à + le, so decide the meaning from the verb and period expressions around them. Their role depends on the group: a range of dates, the date of a bulletin or another complement.

気象庁が23日5時1分に出した情報では、台風は24日にかけて、強い勢力で先島諸島に最も近づく見込みです。

予定 is a plan, 見込み a forecast and 方針 a course of action or intention. None of them asserts that something has already been carried out. Note the difference from expressions such as “決まりました”.

「先島諸島（さきしましょとう）」は、沖縄県の宮古列島と八重山列島などをまとめた呼び方です。

“暴言など” gives “abusive language” as one example. It is not necessarily a closed list of only the things named. It also helps when reading the scope of a news story.

NHKは、八重山地方で、一部の住宅が倒壊するおそれもある猛烈な風が吹く見込みと伝えています。

と takes the content that is reported or explained. In “改定する方針だと報じました”, “改定する方針だ” is what the report said. Separating the content from who said it and how makes long sentences easier to read.

進路や時刻は、変わることがあります。

“〜すること” treats an action or content like a noun. The particle after it (が・を・は…) shows its role in the sentence. “ことができる” is a fixed combination meaning “can”.

それでも、台風は大型で、油断はできません。

できる is the basic verb for ability. The potential form of 受ける is 受けられる. The same られる can also be passive or honorific, so decide from the meaning of the sentence.

大型で非常に強い台風30号（チャンパー）が、23日夕方から夜遅くにかけて、石垣島・西表島の付近を通る見通しです。

The て-form links actions in a series, in order or as a reason. In “確認して、出発する” the relation is judged from the content. In “〜ている” it can show an action in progress or a continuing state.